The European Union (EU) is an association sui generis twenty-seven European states that treaty delegate the exercise of certain powers to common institutions. It covers an area of 4,376,780 square kilometers and is inhabited by 501.3 million people.The European Union is governed by the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in their current versions, since 1 December 2009 and entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Its institutional structure is partly supranational, intergovernmental part: the European Parliament is elected by direct universal suffrage, while the European Council and the Council of Ministers is composed of representatives of Member States and the European Commission is elected by Parliament on a proposal Council of Ministers. The Court of Justice is responsible for ensuring the application of EU law.
The founding of the European Union is the Declaration of 9 May 1950 Robert Schuman, French Minister of Foreign Affairs. At the instigation of politicians dubbed "Fathers of Europe" as Konrad Adenauer, Jean Monnet and Alcide de Gasperi, six states in 1951 created the European Coal and Steel. After the failure of a European Defence Community in 1954, a European Economic Community is established in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome. Economic cooperation is deepened by the Single European Act in 1986.In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty establishes a political union that takes the name of the European Union. For further institutional reforms were introduced in 1997, 2001, following the refusal of a proposed European Constitution, the institutions are reformed again in 2009 by the Treaty of Lisbon. Since 1999, some Member States has created an Economic and Monetary Union (euro area), with a single currency, the euro.The founding members of the EU are Germany (then West Germany), Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. They were joined in 1973 by three members of the European Free Trade: Denmark, Ireland and the UK. The EU enlargement to the south with the accession of Greece in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. After the end of the Cold War, she is joined in 1995 by neutral states: Austria, Finland and Sweden. The European Union includes ten new countries in 2004, mostly from the Eastern bloc: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia and then in 2007 Bulgaria and Romania. The accession of Croatia in 2013.
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